Bone is living, growing tissue made mostly of collagen, a protein that provides a soft framework for bones, and calcium phosphate, a mineral that adds strength and hardens the framework. More than 99% of the body’s calcium is contained in the bones and teeth. Normal healthy bones are an important part of maintaining the general health of the human body, and for proper bone health, it’s important to consume adequate calcium.

A number of studies have highlighted the key role of vitamin D in maintaining normal bone health and calcium metabolism. Although we make vitamin D in the skin from exposure to sunlight, vitamin D deficiency among the population is common, most probably due to the northern latitude of the UK. Food sources of vitamin D are limited, especially amongst vegans. Vitamin D supplementation has been shown to decrease the risk of bone fracture.

Several studies have shown that when magnesium is restricted in the diet, the risk of osteoporosis increases. Bones of people deficient in magnesium are brittle and fragile, which increases the risk of fracture. About 60% of magnesium is stored in the bone: it’s essential to all living cells (including bone cells) and is required for calcium transport and metabolism.

Vitamin K2 has been shown to be more active than vitamin K1 in maintaining bone health. Vitamin K2 plays an important role in keeping calcium in the bones and out of the arteries, reducing the risk of arterial calcification. Vitamin K2 is the most biologically active form of vitamin K, but food sources are extremely limited as it is produced by bacteria and almost exclusively found in fermented soy, known as natto.